Frequently Asked Questions
Quickly find answers to your cybersecurity questions.
Smishing (SMS): SMS have an open rate above 90%, compared to 20 to 30% for emails. Messages typically imitate a delivery alert (postal service, DHL), a banking warning, or a government message. The link redirects to a fake login page. On mobile, the URL is often truncated and difficult to verify.
Vishing (voice): the attacker calls their victim directly, posing as IT support, a bank, or Microsoft. Real-time pressure and the human voice bypass the usual defenses. AI-generated voice deepfakes can now imitate the voice of a known colleague or manager.
The golden rule in both cases: never provide sensitive information following an unsolicited message or call — call the organization back directly via a known official number.
Yes, several famous zero-day exploits have marked the history of cybersecurity. One of the most well-known is Stuxnet, a malware discovered in 2010, designed to sabotage nuclear centrifuges in Iran. It exploited several zero-day vulnerabilities in Windows, revealing the level of sophistication of certain offensive cyber operations.
Another example: WannaCry, a ransomware that struck hundreds of thousands of computers in 2017, exploited a Windows vulnerability revealed by the Shadow Brokers group. Although a patch had been released just before the attack, many systems were not up to date, showing that patch management remains a weak link. These examples are a reminder of the devastating impact that unpatched vulnerabilities can have.
Yes, a penetration test can potentially disrupt production, but this depends heavily on the methodology used, the level of aggressiveness authorized, and the maturity of the infrastructure being tested. For example, exploiting certain vulnerabilities can cause service restarts, access blockages, or performance degradation.
That's why it's essential to define a clear framework before any test, including authorized time slots, systems to exclude (or duplicate in a test environment), and backup measures. Professional pentesters apply non-destructive techniques, but close communication with the IT team remains essential to anticipate and manage potential impacts.
A pentest can sometimes reveal a zero-day vulnerability, but it is not guaranteed. Pentests primarily rely on known vulnerabilities (CVEs, misconfigurations, risky practices), but it is possible that a manual test, a particular attack logic, or intuition may lead to the discovery of a previously unknown vulnerability.
However, the discovery of zero-days during a pentest remains rare and depends on the depth of the analysis, the experience of the testers, and the complexity of the system being tested. For this reason, some very advanced pentests include fuzzing or code audit phases specifically aimed at finding zero-days, particularly in high-stakes contexts (defense sector, finance, critical infrastructures).